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Our Solar System - Size Of Planets and Stars to Scale
The Evolution of Solar Cells
Our planets natural resources of non-renewable fossil fuel energy are fast diminishing and the harsh global warming effect is increasing every day. Solar energy is the most important invention that humans every made because it has enabled us to harness the power of sun to create a clean renewable energy source. The growth of the solar cells in the 19th century has taken on the most significance importance when we look at how important solar energy has become today.
You may already know that solar cells are the device that is used to collect and break down sunlight energy into DC electricity, making use of the photovoltaic effect, and that an Inverter is then used to convert that DC current into the usable AC form of electricity. The term "photovoltaic" has been used since 1849 and is derived from the Greek word "phos" meaning "light" and the word "voltaic" meaning "electric". The voltaic word is from the Italian physicist Volta. These photovoltaic cells are a simple but ingenious invention used to then create solar panels, photovoltaic arrays and solar modules.
The History of Photovoltaic
The first person to recognize the photovoltaic effect was the French physicist A.E Becquerel in 1839, but it wasn't until 1883 that the first solar selenium based cell was built by Charles Fritts. Then later on Aleksandr Stoletov, a Russian physicist, built the first solar cell that was actually based on photoelectric effect. Albert Einstein explained the photoelectric effect in 1905 for which he won a Nobel Physics Prize in 1921. The beginning of modern solar power technology was at Bell Laboratories in 1954, where Daryl Chapin and his colleagues invented the first practical device that converted the sunlight into electrical power. They experimented with the semiconductors and accidentally realized that the silicon doped that has certain impurities is very sensitive to sunlight. This finding resulted in the production of the first useful solar cells with the efficiency for sunlight energy conversion of 6%. The process of reproduction and evolution has been basis for the growth of different types of solar cells that still continues today.
Present Solar Cells
Selenium gave way to silicon as the major material to be used in solarcells. Up till now silicon has dominated the production of solar cells but there are several new types of solar cells that are gaining momentum; cadmium telluride, amorphous silicon and CIGS are among others. These semiconductors are famous for having created several different kinds of solar cells like polymer, dye-sensitized, monocrystalline silicon, Nano crystalline and copper indium. Solar cells manufacturers are now focused on the challenge of how to increase the photovoltaic efficiency whilst still reducing their cost.
Future Solar Cells
It's known now that laser technology can help to develop future solar cells production, as it can optimize the manufacturing costs and efficiency of the solar cells. This means that Solar PV system costs are expected to fall in the future to the point where they will become affordable for an average household even without government subsidies and rebates.
About the Author
Premier Solar is committed to being Australia's leading Solar Power & Renewable Energy solutions provider for both homes and medium to large scale commercial solar projects. We are specialists in effective and affordable solar panel System design and use only fully certified installers and product components which pass all government standards and certifications, to enable our customers to access full discounts and rebates, as well enjoy the peace of mind of 25 year warranties from long established manufacturers.
How close to our solar system would a supernova have to be to affect us?
Aside from seeing the light of the supernova, how close would one have to be to have any kind of measurable effect on our solar system - specifically on Earth.
An ordinary core collapse supernova would have to occur with 30 light years to seriously damage the biosphere, but even one considerably farther away would likely bombard us with a lot of extra gamma, x-ray and ultraviolet radiation. That will have numerous effects upon the environment and life, probably among other things accelerating mutations and evolution as well as causing extinctions. Within 30 light years a supernova would probably so damage the ozone layer wholesale die offs will occur, and human survival would be severely challenged to say the least. The same would be true of a white dwarf destabilizing and runaway nuclear fusion blowing it completely apart as a Type 1A supernova. These are at least 10 times more numerous that the Type 1b, 1c and 2 supernovae that destroy massive stars.
However, if a very massive star explodes as a hyper nova, a black hole is formed. As it forms, twin jets of highly focused plasma will burst out of the star and fire off deadly gamma rays in tightly collimated beams. This happens even before the shock waves can rip through the outer envelope and hurl it into space. If one should hit Earth even from 6,000 light years away, it would wipe out most species of life on Earth. If the Earth should be struck from a hyper nova and the accompanying gamma ray burst from 30 light years away, the Earth would not only be sterilized, the surface of the planet would be melted and fused like everything would be near ground zero of a nuclear explosion.
Stars capable of exploding as a hyper nova are very rare now, and there are no stars within 150 light years that can go off as a supernova. The nearest one is IK Pegasi, which is a white dwarf very near the maximum mass it can have and still be supported by mutual repulsion between electrons. When it goes over the tipping point feeding off of another star in orbit around it, it will blow itself completely apart, turn itself into a rapidly expanding cloud of elements like iron, nickel, sulfur and titanium, and light up the sky so brightly it will outshine the full moon for weeks, if not months. It won't do any serious damage to us, but it's radiation will leave traces of radioactivity that will be recorded in the ice sheets, sea floor and other places. Evidence for supernova going off near us in the past has in fact been found in this manner.
